![]() Warfarin maintenance dosing patterns in clinical practice: implications for safer anticoagulation in the elderly population. Garcia D, Regan S, Crowther M, Hughes RA, Hylek EM. Effect of patient-specific factors on weekly warfarin dose. Whitley HP, Fermo JD, Chumney EC, Brzezinski WA. Effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin. Sowinski KM, Abel SR, Clark WR, Mueller BA. Application of a three-compartment model to a study of the effects of sex, alcohol dose and concentration, exercise and food consumption on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in healthy volunteers. Wedel M, Pieters JE, Pikaar NA, Ockhuizen T. Dose-response and time course of effect of rocuronium in male and female anesthetized patients. Xue FS, Tong SY, Liao X, Liu JH, An G, Luo LK. Diazepam kinetics in relation to age and sex. Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Abernethy DR, Feyerabend H, Dengler HJ. ![]() The current state of knowledge on age, sex, and their interactions on clinical pharmacology. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Effect of food on the absorption of enteric-coated aspirin: correlation with gastric residence time. Mojaverian P, Rocci ML, Conner DP, Abrams WB, Vlasses PH. Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing drug absorption after oral administration. Gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption. Gender differences in human pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The influence of sex on pharmacokinetics. Women should receive lower dosages of digoxin and have lower serum concentration targets than men because of higher mortality rates.īren L. Because women are prone to torsades de pointes, medications known to prolong the QT interval should be used with caution. Additionally, women are 50 to 75 percent more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction. Pharmacodynamic differences in women include greater sensitivity to and enhanced effectiveness of beta blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics. For example, because renal clearance is slower in women, some renally-excreted medications, such as digoxin, may require a dosage adjustment. Other physiologic differences may affect medication dosages. Because of delayed gastric emptying, women may need to extend the interval between eating and taking medications that must be absorbed on an empty stomach. Pharmacokinetics in women is affected by lower body weight, slower gastrointestinal motility, less intestinal enzymatic activity, and slower glomerular filtration rate. Physiologic differences between men and women affect drug activity, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
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